Modern forest inventories combined with remote sensing data allow us to reconstruct the vegetation and fire histories of our study areas. In this way we can assess the long-term impacts of pre-Columbian land-use and determine whether modern forest structure and composition correlates with the palaeoecological evidence for historical disturbance. In each vegetation plot we measure and identify all plant species with a diameter greater than 10 cm at breast height (DBH), paying special attention to plants of economic importance based on previous ethnobotanical works and inventories of anthropogenic forest. Extant floristic inventories for the selected archaeological regions (eg RAINFOR-Amazon Forest Inventory Network, INPA-PPBio) will also be incorporated into the study.